Metode Penambangan
Written by Boss Tambang Friday, 03 September 2010 12:49
Surface Mining - Surface Mining
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TAHAPAN KEGIATAN USAHA pertambangan
1. PENYELIDIKAN UMUM (GENERAL survey)
2. EKSPLORASI (EXPLORATION)
3. PENGEMBANGAN tambang (DEVELOPMENT)
4. PENAMBANGAN (EXPLOITATION) ---> METODA
5. PENGOLAHAN/PEMURNIAN (PROCESSING)
6. PENJUALAN (MARKETING)
METODA PENAMBANGAN
Penambangan : kegiatan yang dilakukan baik secara sederhana (manual) maupun mekanis yang meliputi penggalian, pemberaian, pemuatan dan pengangkutan bahan galian.
METODE PENAMBANGAN DIBAGI MENJADI :
a. Tambang Terbuka/Tambang Permukaan (Surface mining)
b. Tambang Bawah Tanah/Tambang Dalam (Underground Mining)
SURFACE MINING
Aktivitas penambangan berhubungan langsung dengan udara luar (atmosfer)
a. Keadaan tanah penutup
b. Keadaan endapan bahan tambang
c. Kondisi hidrogeologi
d. Fasilitas teknik yang tersedia
e. Iklim dan cuaca
f. Kondisi lingkungan
KELEBIHAN SURFACE MINING
a. Biaya relatif lebih rendah
b. Kondisi tempat kerja lebih leluasa & aman
c. Penggunaan alat-alat berat lebih leluasa
d. Mining recovery lebih tinggi
e. Pengamanan, pengaturan & kontrol lebih mudah
KELEMAHAN SURFACE MINING
a. Kondisi kerja dipengaruhi iklim & cuaca
b. Kedalaman penggalian terbatas ---> stripping ratio
c. Kerusakan lingkungan
d. Dibatasi tata guna lahan
JENIS METODA SURFACE MINING
I. PLACER MINING :
a. Panning & Sluicing
b. Hidraulicking
c. Dredging
II. OPEN PIT :
a. Single-bench Mining
b. Multi-bench Mining
c. Quarry Mining
d. Strip Mining
III. GLORY HOLE
Pengangkutan melalui terowongan di bawah endapan bahan tambang
PLACER MINING
a. Detrital mineral
b. Pada/dekat aliran air
c. Tidak dalam
Placer mining involves excavating loose, or alluvial, deposits such as sand, gravel, silt, or clay. Valuable minerals are separated from the alluvial materials through a system of screens, jigs, and sluices. Placer minerals include metals such as gold, platinum, and tin, and gems such as diamonds and rubies.
Panning and Sluicing
a. Cara tradisional/manual
b. Menggunakan alat pendulangan
c. Pemisahan dengan bantuan aliran air
a. Sering dilakukan sebagai metoda sampling pada eksplorasi endapan placer
b. Penambangan emas sekunder (placer) atau intan (Martapura)
c. Berat jenis mineral berharga > B.D. batuan
d. Produksinya terbatas
Diamond Mining in Indonesia
Due to the presence of valuable minerals, especially tin and petroleum, mining is an important industry in Indonesia. Some Indonesians are involved in small-scale forms of mineral extraction, such as traditional diamond mining. Here on the island of Borneo, miners wash gravel excavated from nearby pits and then examine the sifted soil with large, conical containers to locate raw diamonds and gemstones.
PENAMBANGAN EMAS TANPA IZIN
a. MATERIAL DIAMBIL DARI BEKAS TAMBANG PT. ANTAM BERUPA URAT URAT TIPIS
b. SISA PROSESSING UMUMNYA DIBUANG KE SUNGAI (TANPA BAK PENAMPUNG)
c. RECOVERY PENGOLAHAN +-35 - 40 %
HYDRAULIC MINING
a. Menggunakan semprotan air untuk memisahkan bahan tambang
b. Menggunakan alat semprot GIANT atau MONITOR
c. Digunakan pada endapan alluvial, mis. pasir besi, timah sekunder, emas.
d. Material hasil semprotan dialirkan/ dipompakan ke instalasi pemisah konsentrat.
e. Syarat utama tersedia cukup banyak air
1. Waste material
2. Sluices
3. Alluvial deposit
4. Sluice channel
5. Pipe line
GRAVEL PUMP DAN MONITOR
DREDGING
a. Menggunakan Kapal Keruk sebagai alat gali
b. Biasa digunakan untuk penambang-an endapan alluvial (timah sekunder)
c. Bisa dilakukan di laut ataupun di darat, tergantung dari jenis, bentuk dan ukuran kapal keruk.
d. Pemisahan konsentrat dilakukan di kapal keruk itu sendiri
PENAMBANGAN ALUVIAL DENGAN KAPAL KERUK
Open mine, Open Cut, atau Open Cast
Open-Cut Mining in Australia
Mining in the Pilbara region of Western Australia is done by the open-cut method, in which large masses of ore-bearing rock are broken up and then removed by power shovels and trucks. Mining is one of Australia’s most important industries. The country has large deposits of bauxite, coal, diamonds, gold, iron ore, nickel, uranium, and other minerals.
Open Pit
a. Penambangan endapan mineral pada setiap jenis batuan
b. Letak dekat permukaaan tanah
c. Dimensi horisontalnya besar
d. Produksi tinggi, biaya rendah
e. Dilakukan secara berjenjang (benching)
f. Membentuk cekungan/pit
PIT LAYOUT
a. Penyebaran deposit
b. Stripping ratio
c. Kondisi iklim/ cuaca
d. Kecepatan produksi yang diharapkan
e. Ketersediaan peralatan
Kennecott Copper Mine
The Kennecott Copper Mine, located southwest of Salt Lake City, is the largest excavation in the world and the first open-pit copper mine. The mine assists in making Utah the second leading state in copper production.
CONTOH LAYOUT PIT
SINGLE BENCH OPEN PIT MINE
MULTI BENCH OPEN PIT MINE
Mining in the Yukon
Mining has dominated the Yukon Territory’s economy since gold was discovered there in 1896. With rich mineral deposits located throughout this Canadian province, mining continues to be its principal economic activity. Here, lead and zinc are extracted and loaded onto a truck at the Anvil open-pit mine in Faro, a town in the southeastern Yukon.
OPEN CUT/OPEN CAST
a. Sejenis dengan Open Pit
b. Untuk endapan bijih yang terdapat pada lereng
c. Bentuk tambang melingkari bukit/gunung
Arizona Copper Mine
This open-pit copper mine at Morenci is the largest copper mine in Arizona. Large underground and open-pit mines in the southern half of the state make Arizona the leader in United States copper production.
Open-Cut Copper Mine Utah
Metallic copper and copper ores, such as chalcopyrite and bornite, are mined in open-pit mines from deposits near the earth’s surface. Further refining is necessary to separate the copper from impurities such as sulfides, carbonates, iron, and silicates. Copper is used extensively in electrical components because of its high conductivity. Shown here is one of North America’s largest open-pit copper mines, located in Kennecott, Utah.
QUARRY MINING
a. Sejenis Open Cut Mining
b. Bahan galian non logam, mis. andesit, granit, batu kapur, marmer, serpih (shale) dll.
c. Dua jenis quarry : “dimension stone” dan “broken stone”
DIMENSION STONE QUARRY
SIDEHILL AGGREGATE QUARRY
STRIPE MINE (Tambang Kupasan)
a. Salah satu metoda Open Pit Mine
b. Untuk endapan bahan galian yang luas dan horisontal (bedded deposit)
c. Paling cocog untuk tambang batubara terbuka
d. Dilakukan blasting tergantung kondisi overburdennya
e. Area Mining atau Contour Mining
Coal Strip Mine
This excavated area, which borders farmland, has been strip mined for coal. Unless the strip mine is filled and revegetated, surface water runoff from the mined area can flush sediments and sulfur-bearing compounds (acid drainage) into nearby streams and rivers, endangering plant and wildlife communities.
Skema Contour Mining
Area Mining dengan Stripping Shovel
Auger Strip Mine
Coal Auger in Strip Mine
After the surface of a hill is stripped, a giant auger drill bores through the sides to get at the rich coal beds underneath the topsoil. The drills may penetrate as far as 30 m (100 ft).
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Comments
Saya Juni Amnawaty,..!!
Ini tuGas saYa pAk!!!!!!!
KELAS 1GP
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