Metode Penambangan

Written by Boss Tambang Friday, 03 September 2010 12:49

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TAHAPAN KEGIATAN USAHA pertambangan

1. PENYELIDIKAN UMUM (GENERAL survey)

2. EKSPLORASI (EXPLORATION)

3. PENGEMBANGAN tambang (DEVELOPMENT)

4. PENAMBANGAN (EXPLOITATION) ---> METODA

5. PENGOLAHAN/PEMURNIAN (PROCESSING)

6. PENJUALAN (MARKETING)

METODA PENAMBANGAN

Penambangan : kegiatan yang dilakukan baik secara sederhana (manual) maupun mekanis yang meliputi penggalian, pemberaian, pemuatan dan pengangkutan bahan galian.

METODE PENAMBANGAN DIBAGI MENJADI :

a. Tambang Terbuka/Tambang Permukaan (Surface mining)

b. Tambang Bawah Tanah/Tambang Dalam (Underground Mining)

SURFACE MINING

Aktivitas penambangan berhubungan langsung dengan udara luar (atmosfer)

a. Keadaan tanah penutup

b. Keadaan endapan bahan tambang

c. Kondisi hidrogeologi

d. Fasilitas teknik yang tersedia

e. Iklim dan cuaca

f. Kondisi lingkungan

KELEBIHAN SURFACE MINING

a. Biaya relatif lebih rendah

b. Kondisi tempat kerja lebih leluasa & aman

c. Penggunaan alat-alat berat lebih leluasa

d. Mining recovery lebih tinggi

e. Pengamanan, pengaturan & kontrol lebih mudah

KELEMAHAN SURFACE MINING

a. Kondisi kerja dipengaruhi iklim & cuaca

b. Kedalaman penggalian terbatas ---> stripping ratio

c. Kerusakan lingkungan

d. Dibatasi tata guna lahan

JENIS METODA SURFACE MINING

I. PLACER MINING :

a. Panning & Sluicing

b. Hidraulicking

c. Dredging

II. OPEN PIT :

a. Single-bench Mining

b. Multi-bench Mining

c. Quarry Mining

d. Strip Mining

III. GLORY HOLE

Pengangkutan melalui terowongan di bawah endapan bahan tambang

PLACER MINING

a. Detrital mineral

b. Pada/dekat aliran air

c. Tidak dalam

Placer mining involves excavating loose, or alluvial, deposits such as sand, gravel, silt, or clay. Valuable minerals are separated from the alluvial materials through a system of screens, jigs, and sluices. Placer minerals include metals such as gold, platinum, and tin, and gems such as diamonds and rubies.

Panning and Sluicing

a. Cara tradisional/manual

b. Menggunakan alat pendulangan

c. Pemisahan dengan bantuan aliran air

a. Sering dilakukan sebagai metoda sampling pada eksplorasi endapan placer

b. Penambangan emas sekunder (placer) atau intan (Martapura)

c. Berat jenis mineral berharga > B.D. batuan

d. Produksinya terbatas

Diamond Mining in Indonesia

Due to the presence of valuable minerals, especially tin and petroleum, mining is an important industry in Indonesia. Some Indonesians are involved in small-scale forms of mineral extraction, such as traditional diamond mining. Here on the island of Borneo, miners wash gravel excavated from nearby pits and then examine the sifted soil with large, conical containers to locate raw diamonds and gemstones.

PENAMBANGAN EMAS TANPA IZIN

a. MATERIAL DIAMBIL DARI BEKAS TAMBANG PT. ANTAM BERUPA URAT URAT TIPIS

b. SISA PROSESSING UMUMNYA DIBUANG KE SUNGAI (TANPA BAK PENAMPUNG)

c. RECOVERY PENGOLAHAN +-35 - 40 %

HYDRAULIC MINING

a. Menggunakan semprotan air untuk memisahkan bahan tambang

b. Menggunakan alat semprot GIANT atau MONITOR

c. Digunakan pada endapan alluvial, mis. pasir besi, timah sekunder, emas.

d. Material hasil semprotan dialirkan/ dipompakan ke instalasi pemisah konsentrat.

e. Syarat utama tersedia cukup banyak air

1. Waste material

2. Sluices

3. Alluvial deposit

4. Sluice channel

5. Pipe line

GRAVEL PUMP DAN MONITOR

DREDGING

a. Menggunakan Kapal Keruk sebagai alat gali

b. Biasa digunakan untuk penambang-an endapan alluvial (timah sekunder)

c. Bisa dilakukan di laut ataupun di darat, tergantung dari jenis, bentuk dan ukuran kapal keruk.

d. Pemisahan konsentrat dilakukan di kapal keruk itu sendiri

PENAMBANGAN ALUVIAL DENGAN KAPAL KERUK

Open mine, Open Cut, atau Open Cast

Open-Cut Mining in Australia

Mining in the Pilbara region of Western Australia is done by the open-cut method, in which large masses of ore-bearing rock are broken up and then removed by power shovels and trucks. Mining is one of Australia’s most important industries. The country has large deposits of bauxite, coal, diamonds, gold, iron ore, nickel, uranium, and other minerals.

Open Pit

a. Penambangan endapan mineral pada setiap jenis batuan

b. Letak dekat permukaaan tanah

c. Dimensi horisontalnya besar

d. Produksi tinggi, biaya rendah

e. Dilakukan secara berjenjang (benching)

f. Membentuk cekungan/pit

PIT LAYOUT

a. Penyebaran deposit

b. Stripping ratio

c. Kondisi iklim/ cuaca

d. Kecepatan produksi yang diharapkan

e. Ketersediaan peralatan

Kennecott Copper Mine

The Kennecott Copper Mine, located southwest of Salt Lake City, is the largest excavation in the world and the first open-pit copper mine. The mine assists in making Utah the second leading state in copper production.

CONTOH LAYOUT PIT

SINGLE BENCH OPEN PIT MINE

MULTI BENCH OPEN PIT MINE

Mining in the Yukon

Mining has dominated the Yukon Territory’s economy since gold was discovered there in 1896. With rich mineral deposits located throughout this Canadian province, mining continues to be its principal economic activity. Here, lead and zinc are extracted and loaded onto a truck at the Anvil open-pit mine in Faro, a town in the southeastern Yukon.

OPEN CUT/OPEN CAST

a. Sejenis dengan Open Pit

b. Untuk endapan bijih yang terdapat pada lereng

c. Bentuk tambang melingkari bukit/gunung

Arizona Copper Mine

This open-pit copper mine at Morenci is the largest copper mine in Arizona. Large underground and open-pit mines in the southern half of the state make Arizona the leader in United States copper production.

Open-Cut Copper Mine Utah

Metallic copper and copper ores, such as chalcopyrite and bornite, are mined in open-pit mines from deposits near the earth’s surface. Further refining is necessary to separate the copper from impurities such as sulfides, carbonates, iron, and silicates. Copper is used extensively in electrical components because of its high conductivity. Shown here is one of North America’s largest open-pit copper mines, located in Kennecott, Utah.

QUARRY MINING

a. Sejenis Open Cut Mining

b. Bahan galian non logam, mis. andesit, granit, batu kapur, marmer, serpih (shale) dll.

c. Dua jenis quarry : “dimension stone” dan “broken stone”

DIMENSION STONE QUARRY

SIDEHILL AGGREGATE QUARRY

STRIPE MINE (Tambang Kupasan)

a. Salah satu metoda Open Pit Mine

b. Untuk endapan bahan galian yang luas dan horisontal (bedded deposit)

c. Paling cocog untuk tambang batubara terbuka

d. Dilakukan blasting tergantung kondisi overburdennya

e. Area Mining atau Contour Mining

Coal Strip Mine

This excavated area, which borders farmland, has been strip mined for coal. Unless the strip mine is filled and revegetated, surface water runoff from the mined area can flush sediments and sulfur-bearing compounds (acid drainage) into nearby streams and rivers, endangering plant and wildlife communities.

Skema Contour Mining

Area Mining dengan Stripping Shovel

Auger Strip Mine

Coal Auger in Strip Mine

After the surface of a hill is stripped, a giant auger drill bores through the sides to get at the rich coal beds underneath the topsoil. The drills may penetrate as far as 30 m (100 ft).

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BWE Stripe Mine

German Coal Mining

Athough mining makes up only a small part of the German economy, some minerals are still produced in large quantities, especially the type of coal known as lignite. Much of the lignite in Germany is produced in surface, or strip, mines, where machines remove dirt and rock from above the coal deposits. Some of the machines used in German mining are the largest of their kind in the world; so-called shovel wheels, like the one shown here, can do the same amount of work in a day as thousands of men.

GLORY HOLE MINING

a. Jenis surface mining/open pit mining

b. Pengangkutan melalui terowongan di bawah tempat penambangan

c. Pemberaian dilakukan dengan peledakan

d. Hancuran ore turun/jatuh ke terowongan karena gravitasi

e. Digunakan hampir pada semua jenis deposit yang tidak akan menggumpal/ menyumbat.

JENIS-JENIS PERALATAN PADA PENAMBANGAN TERBUKA

1. Bulldozer

2. dump truck

3. Loader

4. Track Loader

5. Wheel Loader

6. Electric Shovel

7. excavator

8. Kaolin Mine

Georgia leads the nation in kaolin production. Kaolin is a soft white clay used in the manufacture of china, bricks, and paper, among other things. This is an open pit kaolin mine.

9. Scrapper

10. motor grader

Giant Coal Bucket

Strip miners often use extremely large buckets to level or move land. The buckets have sharp, slanted teeth on the front edge and are dragged along the surface of the ground by powerful machines. This bucket, used in the Big Muskie coal mine in Ohio, is the size of a small house.

UNDERGROUND MINING

a. Letak deposit jauh di bawah permukaan tanah

b. Aktivitas kerja tidak berhubungan langsung dengan udara luar

a. Karakteristik spatial ore body

b .Sifat dan kondisi ore dan contry rock

c. Kondisi hidrogeologi

d. Faktor ekonomis (grade, nilai dan distribusi mineral)

e. Biaya eksploitasi

f. Kondisi lingkungan

KELEBIHAN UNDERGROUND MINING

a. Tidak dipengaruhi keadaan iklim dan cuaca

b. Kerusakan lingkungan dan tataguna lahan relatif kecil

c. Produksi yang dihasilkan relatif lebih bersih karena batuan samping tidak terikutkan

d. Tidak memerlukan lahan bukaan yang luas

KELEMAHAN UNDERGROUND MINING

a. Biaya operasional lebih besar

b. Alat-alat besar tidak bisa leluasa dipergunakan

c. Kondisi kerja lebih membahayakan

d. Pengamanan, pengaturan dan kontrol lebih rumit

e. Perolehan tambang lebih kecil, krn lingkup kerja & peralatan terbatas.

Mine Layout & Access

Underground Mine Shaft

METODA UNDERGROUND MINING

I. SELF SUPPORTING OPENINGS

a. Open Stope Mining

b. Pillared Open Stoped

II. ARTIFICIAL SUPPORTING

a. Shrinkage Stoping

b. Cut and Fill

c. Stull Stoping

d. Square-set Stoping

e. Longwall Mining

III. CAVING METHOD

a. Caving

b. Top Slicing

ISOLATED OPEN STOPE MINING (GOPHERING)

a. Tanpa penyanggaan

b. Batuan keras dan kompak

c. Bentuk endapan tidak teratur

d. Ukuran endapan kecil

e. Kadar bijih tinggi dan berharga mahal

SUB-LEVEL OPEN STOPE

a. Endapan bijih berbentuk urat, tebal 1-20 mtr

b. Kemiringan + 300

c. Ore & batuan samping keras dan kuat

d. Batas ore & batuan samping jelas

e. Penyebaran grade merata

REGULAR PILLAR OPEN STOPE (ROOM AND PILLAR MINING)

a. Pillar dari ore

b. Grade & ketebalan ore relatif rata

c. Kemiringan relatif datar

d. Biasa dilakukan untuk batubara bawah tanah

e. Perolehan tambang 50-75%

SHINKRAGE STOPING

a. Penambangan ke arah atas

b. Dilakukan peledakan

c. Endapan bijih berbentuk vein, lebar dan kemiringan > 500

d. Ore & batuan samping tidak mudah runtuh

e. Penyebaran grade agak homogen

CUT & FILL

a. Bentuk endapan bijih vein, tebal 1-6 mtr, kemiringan sekitar 450

b. Endapan bijih masif, sedang batuan samping bisa lunak/kurang kompak

c. Endapan bijih bernilai tinggi

d. Penambangan ke arah atas

e. Bekas galian diisi dengan waste/tailing

DIAGRAM LAYOUT MICAF STOPE

(Mechanized Cut and Fill Stoping)

Deep Mine Shaft

An Idaho miner operates a jack-leg drill more than 1500 m (5000 feet) below the surface. Miners in the Lucky Friday mine face the same dangers encountered in all deep shafts: potential buildup of hazardous gases, explosive coal dust, and possible roof collapse. Good ventilation systems, rock-dusting with limestone, and extensive steel reinforcement are used to lower the possibility of these accidents.

SQUARE SET STOPING

a. Penyanggaan secara teratur antara footwall & hanging wall

b. Struktur ore deposit dan batuan samping lemah

c. Bentuk deposit tidak teratur, tebal < 3.6 meter

d. Biaya tinggi untuk personel dan material

LONGWALL MINING

a. Populer digunakan untuk penambangan batubara bawah tanah

b. Menggunakan serangkaian dongkrak hidraulik (“jack”) untuk menyangga atap tambang (panjang rangkaian bisa mencapai 180 mtr)

c. Penggalian memakai mesin pemotong dengan me-motong2 batubara 50-75 cm

d. Jack secara otomatis bergerak maju, sementara atap di belakangnya dibiarkan runtuh

e. Batubara ditranspor dengan belt conveyor

f. Produksi bisa 4-5 kali lebih besar dari room & pillar

g. Tidak bisa diterapkan jika lapisan batuan di atasnya bisa mengalami penurunan (subsidence)

Hydraulic Jack

CAVING METHODS

a. Penambangan dilakukan dengan cara meruntuhkan endapan bijih

b. Tipe endapan bijih masif, menyebar secara horisontal, cukup berkadar rendah

c. Penurunan permukaan tanah dapat ditolerir

SUB-LEVEL CAVING

a. Sebagai pengembangan dari open pit

b. Penambangan ke atas dari setiap sub level, dimulai dari bagian atas

c. Endapan bijih lemah sedang batuan samping dapat pecah jadi bongkah-bongkah

d. Tebal endapan bijih > 3 mtr

BLOCK CAVING

a. Penambangan dengan cara diruntuhkan blok per blok

b. Digunakan untuk endapan bijih masif, kadar rendah dan tersebar, berukuran luas secara mendatar, dan strukturnya lemah (mudah runtuh)

c. Produksinya tinggi, biaya rendah tapi recovery akan turun jika bijih terkontaminasi (dilution) oleh batuan samping

TOP SLICING

a. Penambangan mulai dari atas le arah bawah

b. Pada bukaan sebelumnya disangga dg kayu

c. Setelah bukaan berikutnya, penyangga diledakkan dan overburden runtuh

d. Digunakan pada endapan bijih masif, berlapis tebal atau vein

e. Endapan bijih dan batuan samping lemah dan mudah runtuh

Cutting Peat

A worker cuts peat from lush peatland in Ireland. Peat is the first stage in the transformation of vegetation into coal. For hundreds of years, people have cut, dried, and burned it for heating and cooking. This compact, dark-brown material contains about one third less heating value than coal.

Pit Mining In Brazil

Workers excavate a pit mine in northeastern Brazil by hauling sacks of earth up steep ladders. Open-pit excavations are the least expensive method of exploiting mineral resources located close to the earth’s surface. Prospectors have been pit mining for gold and other minerals in Brazil since colonial times.

Salt Mining in Lake Chad